how did alexander graham bell invent the telephoneanimal sanctuary los angeles volunteer

Omissions? In our version of the story, Bell only sees the fun advantag. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society[11] and its magazine while serving as the second president from January 7, 1898, until 1903. He did experimental work on aeronautics and hydrofoils. [177] The paper is a compilation of data on the hereditary aspects of deafness. He outlined this in a 1898 paper[66] detailing his belief that with resources and effort, the deaf could be taught to read lips and speak (known as oralism)[67] thus enabling their integration within the wider society. How was the technology developed and improved? Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. One of Bells students was Mabel Hubbard, daughter of Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a founder of the Clarke School. Known as the father of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell's invention historically changed how people communicated. The transmitter comprised three partsa drumlike device (a cylinder with a covered end), a needle, and a battery. He also criticized educational practices that segregated deaf children rather than integrated them fulling into mainstream classrooms. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. "[177], A review of Bell's "Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race" appearing in an 1885 issue of the "American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb" states that "Dr. Bell does not advocate legislative interference with the marriages of the deaf for several reasons one of which is that the results of such marriages have not yet been sufficiently investigated." He succeeded his father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, as president of the National Geographic Society (18981903). While many of those instruments were suited for large companies and the wealthy, why. In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the scientist Joseph Henry, who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution, and asked Henry's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. In 1871, Bell invented a "harmonic telegraph," for which he received a patent. [33]" Indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a "talking dog". Alexander Graham Bell Was a Prolific Inventor From a young age, Alexander Graham Bell showed a keen interest in the science of sound and how it could be used for communication. Both men rushed their respective designs for these prototype telephones to the patent office within hours of each other. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are still well known, especially his The Standard Elocutionist (1860),[21] which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. Married. Building on his fathers earlier work on the human voice, Bell moved to the United States in 1871 and started teaching deaf students in Boston. Two years later, he was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at Boston University. June 3, 1880. At an early age, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, which he left at the age of 15, having completed only the first four forms. His primary source of income was from his work as an elocution expert. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Bell had employed an assistant by the name of Thomas Watson to help him with the harmonic telegraph. The Scottish-born Bell worked in London with his father,. Alexander Graham Bell 's Telephone Invention In 1876, Watson plucked a spring in one room, and the sound came through on a receiver in the other. From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, and music that was encouraged by his mother. Birth Year: 1848. The dictionary says it was Thomas Edison who put hello into common usage. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour),[164] a record which stood for ten years. [N 22][N 23] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). [citation needed], Emperor Pedro II of Brazil was the first person to buy stock in Bell's company, the Bell Telephone Company. At Boston University, Bell was "swept up" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. [30] The boys would carefully adjust the "lips" and when a bellows forced air through the windpipe, a very recognizable Mama ensued, to the delight of neighbours who came to see the Bell invention.[31]. Among the major sites are: In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 French francs (approximately US$290,000 in today's dollars[202]) for the invention of the telephone from the French government. Their father, highly interested in their project, offered to pay for any supplies and spurred the boys on with the enticement of a "big prize" if they were successful. In fact, Bell's innovation completely disrupted the norm of communications. [N 21] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II, and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907 to 1912. When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, "Get it!" Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. Alexander Graham Bell died on 2 August 1922 aged 75. By way of reply, Bell signed "no", lost consciousness, and died shortly after. [160] Garfield's surgeons, led by self-appointed chief physician Doctor Willard Bliss, were skeptical of the device, and ignored Bell's requests to move the President to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Bell was the companys technical adviser until he lost interest in telephony in the early 1880s. Bell patented his telephone first and later emerged the victor in a legal dispute with Gray. [197] During his life, he also received dozens of major awards, medals, and other tributes. In fact, on the 7 March 1876, he got the official patent for it. Meucci's testimony in this case was disputed due to a lack of material evidence for his inventions, as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York, which was later incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901. Alexander Graham Bell had pioneered a system called visible speech, developed by his father, to teach deaf children. In Bells luggage was his new communication device, the telephone. In fact, his tinkering and experimentation with the telegraph was just a passion project. This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone. [189][194], Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. A scientific notebook in which Alexander Graham Bell recorded his invention of the telephone and the first words ever spoken by phone, as well as correspondence from his assistant, Thomas Watson, are among the last items added to an online collection of the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers. [176], In November 1883, Bell presented a paper at a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences titled "Upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race". In this treatise, his father explains his methods of how to instruct deaf-mutes (as they were then known) to articulate words and read other people's lip movements to decipher meaning. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J. "[37][38][39][N 5]. [220] Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage, and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years. My colleagues in the Government join with me in expressing to you our sense of the world's loss in the death of your distinguished husband. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere). [7], Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf; profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. With little convincing, visitors believed his dog could articulate "How are you, grandmama? In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and Beinn Bhreagh, where they spent increasing amounts of time. The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound pressure level (SPL) invented by Bell Labs and named after him. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. However, in May 1870, Melville died from complications due to tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. [32] After he taught it to growl continuously, Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding "Ow ah oo ga ma ma". [73] Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior but became the object of his affection. Some had doubted Alexander Graham Bells idea in the beginning. Bell determined that a properly configured induction balance would emit a tone when a metal object was brought into proximity with it. [208][bettersourceneeded] The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon III in 1852, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell becoming the second recipient of the grand prize in its history. Watsoncome hereI want to see you. Over the next few months, Bell continued to refine his instrument to make it suitable for public exhibition. "[180] The paper's author concludes by saying "A wiser way to prevent the extension of hereditary deafness, it seems to us, would be to continue the investigations which Dr. Bell has so admirable begun until the laws of the transmission of the tendency to deafness are fully understood, and then by explaining those laws to the pupils of our schools to lead them to choose their partners in marriage in such a way that deaf-mute offspring will not be the result. [14] His father was Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace Bell (ne Symonds). ", "Bell did not invent telephone, US rules", "Congressional Record Speech by Prof. Basillio", "The History of the Telephone Antonio Meucci", "Mrs. David Fairchild, 82, Dead; Daughter of Bell, Phone Inventor", "Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude", "First 'Radio' Built by San Diego Resident Partner of Inventor of Telephone: Keeps Notebook of Experiences With Bell", "The First Century of Lightwave Communications", "Upon the electrical experiments to determine the location of the bullet in the body of the late President Garfield; and upon a successful form of induction balance for the painless detection of metallic masses in the human body", "Mabel Bell Was A Focal Figure In The First Flight of the Silver Dart", "Bell Rings for Darwin | National Center for Science Education", "Telephone inventor researched sheep teats", "THE GENETICS OF MULTI-NIPPLED SHEEPAn Analysis of the Sheep-Breeding Experiments of Dr. and Mrs. Alexander Graham Bell at Beinn Bhreagh, N. S.", "The Real "Toll" of A. G. Bell: Lessons about Eugenics", "Review of Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race", "The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 1910-1940: An Essay in Institutional History", "Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site", "Honors to Professor Bell Daily Evening Traveller", "Volta Prize of the French Academy Awarded to Prof. Alexander Graham Bell", "Telegram from Grossman to Alexander Graham Bell", "Telegram from Alexander Graham Bell to Count du Moncel, undated", "Letter from Frederick T. Frelinghuysen to Alexander Graham Bell", "Proceedings of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution at the Annual Meeting held December 14, 1922", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "Who Invented the Telephone? Alexander passed the entrance examinations for University College London in June 1868 and matriculated there in the autumn. As with many innovations, the idea for the telephone came along far sooner than it was brought to reality. Engineers and inventors continued to improve Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention. At age 11 he entered the Royal High School at Edinburgh, but he did not enjoy the compulsory curriculum, and he left school at age 15 without graduating. Alexander Graham Bell ( / re.m /, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) [4] was a Scottish-born [N 1] inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. [13] The family home was at South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Bell's birthplace. Birth City: Chelsea. Through study and experimentation, Bell hypothesised that if sound waves could be converted into a fluctuating electric current, then that current could then be reconverted into sound waves identical to the original at the other end of the circuit. You probably learned in school that it was Alexander Graham Bell who invented the telephone. [68] Bell has been criticised by members of the Deaf community for supporting ideas that could cause the closure of dozens of deaf schools, and what some consider eugenicist ideas. He also taught at the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts, and at the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. This effect was of great importance to Alexander Graham Bell's telephone idea. A number of historic sites and other marks commemorate Bell in North America and Europe, including the first telephone companies in the United States and Canada. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell and Tainter developed a device they called the "photophone," which transmitted sound on a beam of light. [47] The Bell family soon purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (4.2ha) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. November 3, 2017 at 2:42 p.m. EDT. In 1903 his son-in-law, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, became editor in chief of the National Geographic Magazine, and Bell encouraged Grosvenor to make the magazine a more popular publication through more photographs and fewer scholarly articles. Bells other major undertaking was the development of an electrical bullet probe, an early version of the metal detector, for surgical use. The telegraph was already in widespread commercial use, and Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention was still just a great idea. Gardiner Hubbard organized a group that established the Bell Telephone Company in July 1877 to commercialize Bells telephone. On March 3, 1847, Alexander Graham Bell was born, the man who is credited in popular culture with the invention of the first working telephone. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. Bell typically signed his name in full on his correspondence. [110], As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. [150] The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. He claimed he showed Gray's patent caveat to Bailey. Although Alexander Graham Bell is best remembered as the inventor of the telephone, he invented other devices too. [113] Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. While pursuing his teaching profession, Bell also began researching methods to transmit several telegraph messages simultaneously over a single wirea major focus of telegraph innovation at the time and one that ultimately led to Bells invention of the telephone. A wealthy lawyer and politician, Hubbard was supporting Bells experiments financially but would not let him marry his daughter, Mabel, until he had perfected his invention! Canada's first telephone company building, the "Henderson Home" of the late 1870s, a predecessor of the. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Alexander Began to test out new ideas through a long life. Meucci was born in Florence, Italy, and began testing early telephone models there. He also developed medical technology. (1870's)National Museums Scotland. [115], On January 13, 1887, the U.S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. [27] At the age of 16, Bell secured a position as a "pupil-teacher" of elocution and music, in Weston House Academy at Elgin, Moray, Scotland. [60] His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Learn how Alexander Graham Bell went to revolutionize telegraphy but instead invented the telephone. His family was long associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. Bell was in his laboratory with this latest experimental version of a telephone transmitter. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students. [48][N 7], At the homestead, Bell set up his own workshop in the converted carriage house near to what he called his "dreaming place",[50] a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property above the river. A replica of liquid transmitter telephone (1870's)National Museums Scotland. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged "unfettered across the scientific landscape" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopdia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The first patent for such a device was his, but the . On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 700 feet (213m) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.[153][154][155][156]. Images are: A model of Bell's very first telephone (top-left). Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Even after Bell agreed to engage with scientists conducting eugenic research, he consistently refused to support public policy that limited the rights or privileges of the deaf. Although the telephone appeared to be an "instant" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897. Bell and his father before him studied . [174] He specifically wanted to see if selective breeding could produce sheep with four functional nipples with enough milk for twin lambs. After the shooting of U.S. Pres. [84], Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. [57] He was subsequently asked to repeat the programme at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts. In 1881 they successfully sent a photophone message nearly 200 metres between two buildings. But do you know the real story behind how the first telephone invention came to be? Alexander Graham Bell, one year younger than Lars Magnus Ericsson, had been born in Edinburgh. When Bell was just a teenager, he and his brother invented a speaking machine that could mimic the voice of a baby saying mama. They studied their fathers anatomy books and recreated the elements of a human mouth and vocal cords. [116][117] By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. [144] Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. [167] The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York; and J. On March 3, 1847, Alexander Graham Bell was born, the man who is credited in popular culture with the invention of the first working telephone. His mother and his wife were both deaf, and he was devoted to the cause of helping the deaf community. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, including the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.[198]. The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content. Bell died at his Nova Scotia estate, where he was buried. GRAHAM BELL BIRTH ANNIVERSARY: Alexander Graham Bell, popularly known by his middle name Graham Bell, is known for his contribution to the invention of telephone.He was born on March 3 in 1847, in Scotland and moved to Canada with his family. Score: 4.1/5 (16 votes) . Bell quickly disassembled it and effected a repair, to the owner's amazement. This Exposition was attended by Dom Pedro II, then Emperor of Brazil. Bell, however, was more interested in transmitting the human voice. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. Among his 30 patented inventions, Bell created the audiometer, which he used to test the hearing of hundreds of people, including children. Watson, come here, I want to see you!. This led to the "gallows" sound-powered telephone, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech. [219] Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. History Through Deaf Eyes - The Influence of Alexander Graham Bell. [122][123][124] This did not put an end to the still-contentious issue. Bell made life easier by inventing the telephone so we can communicate from far away. The following year, Bell bought 50 acres of land near the village of Baddeck on Cape Breton Island and began constructing an estate he called Beinn Bhreagh, Scots Gaelic for Beautiful Mountain. The Scottish-born inventor had been an American citizen since 1882, but the Canadian estate became the familys summer retreat and later permanent home. Though inventions like the Corliss steam engine seemed to be the mightiest, the telephone commanded attention for its utility to the average person. This depth of knowledge made Alexander Graham Bell one of the greatest inventors of all time. In our new video series, Ingenious, Susannah Carroll and Trace Dominguez look at the history of many inventions that have changed our world - including the telephone.Most people know Alexander Graham Bell as the inventor of the telephone, but there is so much more to that story. [100], Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000, equal to $2,544,688 today. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbour whose family operated a flour mill. Alexander Graham Bell's role as a teacher for deaf individuals and the presence of his deaf wife and mother inspired him to develop his electrical speech machine, or telephone. The next step would be to find investors. Scottish engineer, mathematician, and physicist. Alexander (Graham was not added until he was 11) was born to Alexander Melville Bell and Eliza Grace Symonds. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".[214]. Phon. In February, they successfully sent a photophone message nearly 200 metres between two buildings. | Start ASL", "Eugenics and Deaf People in 20th Century America", "Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson", "Underrated entrepreneur: Thomas Edison's overlooked business story", "Alexander Graham Bell Lab notebook pp. Sensing potential, he. [183], Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Alexander Graham Bell was a remarkable man who overcame many obstacles in his life. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family with a call between the Bell Homestead and the office of the Dominion Telegraph Company in Brantford along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. [158][159] Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use. [citation needed]. In 1906, Davenport, who was also the founder of the American Breeder's Association, approached Bell about joining a new committee on eugenics chaired by David Starr Jordan. During the 1890s Bell shifted his attention to heavier-than-air flight. Bell's success came . These so-called harmonic telegraphs used reeds or tuning forks that responded to specific acoustic frequencies. It was a bright twang, and it sounded the same on the receiver as when Watson plucked it. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition,[36] Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would be the underpinning of all his future work on transmitting sound, reporting: "Without knowing much about the subject, it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means, so could consonants, so could articulate speech." The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. [30] While his brother constructed the throat and larynx, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull. This effect was of great importance to Alexander Graham Bells telephone idea. Edward would never recover. [104], On January 14, 1878, at Osborne House, on the Isle of Wight, Bell demonstrated the device to Queen Victoria,[105] placing calls to Cowes, Southampton and London. The article goes on to say that "the editorial remarks based thereon did injustice to the author. [102], Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. He was the inventor of the hydrofoil boat, a man-carrying kite, the aileron, a moveable part of an airplane wing that helps control rolling, and the landing/take-off airplane tricycle gear. Following the death of both of Bells brothers from tuberculosis, in 1870 the family emigrated to start a healthier life in Canada. Bell colluded with The USA Patent Office agent to steal the device and designs from their rightful owner, an Italian inventor name Antonio Meu. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. It was invented jointly by Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter on February 19, 1880, at Bell's laboratory at 1325 L Street in Washington, D.C. [92], The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. [53][N 9]. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. The machines sound was so convincing that the landlady looked for a crying baby, only to find the boys admiring their invention in the stairwell. While in the U.S. Bell invented and/or improved a number of electrical technologies. In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk. The race for an improved telegraph often overshadowed Bells idea for the first telephone. The Alexander Graham Bell Memorial Park, which features a broad neoclassical monument built in 1917 by public subscription. [24] Bell became so proficient that he became a part of his father's public demonstrations and astounded audiences with his abilities. When Bell spoke the sentence "Mr. WatsonCome hereI want to see you" into the liquid transmitter,[87] Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly.

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how did alexander graham bell invent the telephone
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