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Stride, G. T., & C. Ifeka: "Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 10001800". "Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali." [63] Both of these accounts may be true, as Mali's control of Gao may have been weak, requiring powerful mansas to reassert their authority periodically.[64]. At the age of 18, he gained authority over all the 12 kingdoms in an alliance that would become the Mali Empire. The third great account is that of Ibn Khaldun, who wrote in the early 15th century. Several of the names are spelled in a variety of ways in different manuscripts. The entire nation was mobilised, with each clan obligated to provide a quota of fighting-age men. The wooden window frames of an upper storey were plated with silver foil; those of a lower storey with gold. Only sofa were equipped by the state, using bows and poisoned arrows. It spanned the modern-day countries of Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, northern Burkina Faso, western Niger, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the Ivory Coast and northern Ghana. One of these was Dioma, an area south of Niani populated by Fula Wassoulounk. After the loyalty or at least the capitulation of an area was assured, it was allowed to select its own dyamani-tigui. Editing: Jack Rackam. In the early 15th century, Mali was still powerful enough to conquer and settle new areas. [47][48][49] His procession reportedly included 60,000 men, all wearing brocade and Persian silk, including 12,000 slaves,[50] who each carried 1.8kg (4lb) of gold bars, and heralds dressed in silks, who bore gold staffs, organized horses, and handled bags. Islamic studies flourished thereafter. He never took the field again after Kirina, but his generals continued to expand the frontier, especially in the west where they reached the Gambia River and the marches of Tekrur. [76] The latter possibility is corroborated by Ibn Khaldun calling Suleyman Musa's son in that passage, suggesting he may have confused Musa's brother Suleyman with Musa's son Maghan. He brought architects from Andalusia, a region in Spain, and Cairo to build his grand palace in Timbuktu and the great Djinguereber Mosque that still stands today. Still, throne names do not usually indicate blood relations. by Spanish cartographers, shows West Africa dominated by a depiction of Mansa Musa sitting on a throne, holding a nugget of gold in one hand and a golden staff in the other. This website claims no authorship of this content; we are republishing it for educational purposes. During the peak of the kingdom, Mali was extremely wealthy. The University of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa's reign with jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians. Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. Mansa Musa eventually gained the throne owing to a strange sequence of events that turned in his favor. Kangaba, the de facto capital of Manden since the time of the last emperor, became the capital of the northern sphere. By the end of Mansa Musa's reign, the Sankor University had been converted into a fully staffed university with the largest collections of books in Africa since the Library of Alexandria. There was also a palace conspiracy to overthrow him hatched by the Qasa (the Manding term meaning Queen) Kassi and several army commanders. Longman, 1995. [42] Among these preparations would likely have been raids to capture and enslave people from neighboring lands, as Musa's entourage would include many thousands of enslaved people; the historian Michael Gomez estimates that Mali may have captured over 6,000 people per year for this purpose. The family tree of Mansa Musa. Ibn Battuta mentions that the value of salt increased fourfold when transported between Oualata and the Malian capital. Very little is known about the life of Mansa Musa before 1312. Most notably, the ancient center of learning Sankore Madrasah (or University of Sankore) was constructed during his reign. During his reign, the Mossi emperor Bonga of Yatenga raided into Mali and plundered Macina. Imperial Mali is best known through three primary sources: the first is the account of Shihab al-'Umari, written in about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Mamluk Egypt. Mansa Musa (died 1337), king of the Mali empire in West Africa, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali. In the 17th year of his reign (1324), he set out on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca. At Taghaza, for example, salt was exchanged; at Takedda, copper. A legend claims that Sunjata transformed into a hippopotamus. The exact date of Musa's accession is debated. After the reigns of two more emperors, Musa Keita became mansa in c. 1312. Gao had already been captured by Musa's general, and Musa quickly regained Timbuktu, built a rampart and stone fort, and placed a standing army to protect the city from future invaders.[70]. "Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali." [105][106] Three years later, Oualata also fell into their hands. Three bowmen supporting one spearman was the ratio in Kaabu and the Gambia by the mid-16th century. Al-Nasir expected Musa to prostrate himself before him, which Musa initially refused to do. On the return from Takedda to Morocco, his caravan transported 600 female servants, suggesting that indentured servitude was a substantial part of the commercial activity of the empire.[134]. The oldest brother, Srbandjougou Keita, was crowned Mansa Foamed or Mansa Musa Keita III. [d], Musa's father was named Faga Leye[12] and his mother may have been named Kanku. Scholars who were mainly interested in history, Qurnic theology, and law were to make the mosque of Sankore in Timbuktu a teaching centre and to lay the foundations of the University of Sankore. Nobody lived in the area except the Musafa servants who worked to dig the salts and lived on dates imported from Sijilmasa and the Dar'a valley, camel meat and millet imported from the Sudan. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. The Catalan Atlas, created in 1375 C.E. Manuscript of Nasir al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn al-Hajj al-Amin al-Tawathi al-Ghalawi's Kashf al-Ghummah fi Nafa al-Ummah. They tell of his hardships as a boy before he came to the throne. [29] Al-Umari, who visited Cairo shortly after Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca, noted that it was "a lavish display of power, wealth, and unprecedented by its size and pageantry". During most of his journey, Ibn Battuta travelled with a retinue that included servants, most of whom carried goods for trade. [95] When he passed through Cairo, historian al-Maqrizi noted "the members of his entourage proceeded to buy Turkish and Ethiopian slave girls, singing girls and garments, so that the rate of the gold dinar fell by six dirhams.". When Mansa Musa was giving gold away, he was following 2 . Forty years after the reign of Mansa Musa Keita I, the Mali Empire still controlled some 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000sqmi) of land throughout Western Africa.[103][9]. [113], In 1544 or 1545,[f] a Songhai force led by kanfari Dawud, who would later succeed his brother Askia Ishaq as ruler of the Songhai Empire, sacked the capital of Mali and purportedly used the royal palace as a latrine. All gold was immediately handed over to the imperial treasury in return for an equal value of gold dust. [93], Following Musa Keita III's death, his brother Gbr Keita became emperor in the mid-15th century. This style is characterised by the use of mudbricks and an adobe plaster, with large wooden-log support beams that jut out from the wall face for large buildings such as mosques or palaces. King of Kings in the Mandinka language a reference to a great ruler in the Mali Empire of ancient Africa. [40] In fact, there is a conspicuous absence of archaeological samples of any kind from Niani dated to the late 13th through early 15th centuries, suggesting that Niani may have been uninhabited during the heyday of the Mali Empire. Available from http://incompetech.com. The new Songhai Empire conquered Mema,[93] one of Mali's oldest possessions, in 1465. [51] Musa made a major point of showing off his nation's wealth. Intro animation: Syawish Rehman. Musa Keita I (c. 1280 - c. 1337), or Mansa Musa, was the ninth Mansa of the Mali Empire, one of the most powerful West African states. Swords were drawn, but before the situation escalated further, Musa persuaded his men to back down. From the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library, Timbuktu. [128] Nevertheless, the mansa managed to keep tax money and nominal control over the area without agitating his subjects into revolt. Imperial Malian architecture was characterised by Sudano-Sahelian architecture with a Malian substyle, which is exemplified by the Great Mosque of Djenne. In that year he succeeded his father, Abu Bakr II, to the throne and thus gained the hereditary title of mansa. During his reign, Mali was one of the richest kingdoms of Africa, and Mansa Musa was among the richest individuals in the world. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Many houses were built by hand and during the hot weather some houses would melt so they had to be very secure, The dating of the original Great Mosque's construction is obscure (the current structure, built under French Colonial Rule, dates from 1907). The dates of Musa's reign are uncertain. [93] Sandaki Keita should not however be taken to be this person's name but a title. Equipped with two quivers and a knife fastened to the back of their arm, Mandinka bowmen used barbed, iron-tipped arrows that were usually poisoned. The final incarnation of the Gbara, according to the surviving traditions of northern Guinea, held 32 positions occupied by 28 clans. The area was famous as a hunting ground for the large amount of game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation. Mansa Fadima Musa Keita, or Mansa Musa Keita II, began the process of reversing his brother's excesses. [123] Either as a counter-attack or simply the progression of pre-planned assaults against the remnants of Mali, the Bamana sacked and burned Niani in 1670. King Mansa Musa is famous for his Hajj journey, during which he stopped off in Egypt and gave out so much gold that the Egyptian economy was ruined for years to come. "[96], Contemporary sources suggest that the mounts employed by this caravan were one hundred elephants, which carried those loads of gold, and several hundred camels, carrying the food, supplies and weaponries which were brought to the rear.[97]. It was common practice during the Middle Ages for both Christian and Muslim rulers to tie their bloodline back to a pivotal figure in their faith's history, so the lineage of the Keita dynasty may be dubious at best,[62] yet African Muslim scholars like the London-based Nigerian-British cleric Sheikh Abu-Abdullah Adelabu have laid claim of divine attainments to the reign of Mansa Mousa: "in Islamic history and its science stories of Old Mali Empire and significance of Mansa Mousa by ancient Muslim historians like Shihab al-Umari, documenting histories of African legendaries like Mansa Kankan Musa did actually exist in early Arabic sources about West African history including works of the author of Subh al-a 'sha one of the final expressions of the genre of Arabic administrative literature, Ahmad al-Qalqashandi Egyptian writer, mathematician and scribe of the scroll (katib al-darj) in the Mamluk chancery in Cairo[63] as well as by the author of Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, an Arab Andalusian Muslim geographer and historian emboldened Keita Dynasty", wrote Adelabu. [104] He would only reign a year before a descendant of Mansa Gao Keita removed him.[70]. The empire taxed every ounce of gold, copper and salt that entered its borders. The other characteristic of this era is the gradual loss of its northern and eastern possessions to the rising Songhai Empire and the movement of the Mali's economic focus from the trans-Saharan trade routes to the burgeoning commerce along the coast. This trend would continue into colonial times against Tukulor enemies from the west.[121]. With trade being disrupted by wars, there was no way for the economy to continue to prosper. [125] Farin was a general term for northern commander at the time. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. [14], Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali is the name of a town or a region. [45] Those animals included 80 camels which each carried 23136kg (50300lb) of gold dust. The Camara (or Kamara) are said to be the first family to have lived in Manding, after having left, due to the drought, Ouallata, a region of Wagadou, in the south-east of present-day Mauritania. If Dakajalan was, in fact, situated near Kangaba, this may also have contributed to their conflation, beginning with Delafosse's speculation that the latter may have begun as a suburb of the former. According to Burkinab writer Joseph Ki-Zerbo, the farther a person travelled from Niani, the more decentralised the mansa's power became. The Sahelian and Saharan towns of the Mali Empire were organised as both staging posts in the long-distance caravan trade and trading centres for the various West African products. Ag-Amalwal. He made his wealth and that of Mali known through a long and extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, the 17th year of his reign as emperor of Mali. Mansa Musa developed cities like Timbuktu and Gao into important cultural centers. [72] In contrast, al-Umari, writing twelve years after Musa's hajj, in approximately 1337,[73] claimed that Musa returned to Mali intending to abdicate and return to live in Mecca but died before he could do so,[74] suggesting he died even earlier than 1332. However, many believe Mansa Musa's wealth outdoes that of all modern billionaires. His skillful administration left his empire well-off at the time of his death, but eventually, the empire fell apart. The Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto and Portuguese traders confirmed that the peoples of the Gambia were still subject to the mansa of Mali. [60] The anglicised version of this name, Sunjata, is also popular. In 1324 Musa embarked on a hajj, a religious pilgrimage to Mecca, traveling with an entourage that included 8,000 courtiers, 12,000 servants and 100 camel loads of . [81] He went on the hajj during the reign of Mamluk sultan Baibars (12601277). The Mali Empire (Manding: Mand[3] or Manden; Arabic: , romanized:Ml) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1226 to 1670. His riches came from mining significant salt and gold deposits in the Mali kingdom. That same year, Mahmud II sent another envoy to the Portuguese proposing alliance against the Fula. He was crowned under the throne name Sunidata Keita becoming the first Mandinka emperor. Musa not only gave to the cities he passed on the way to Mecca, including Cairo and Medina, but also traded gold for souvenirs. [59] Those not living in the mountains formed small city-states such as Toron, Ka-Ba and Niani. Extensive archaeological digs have shown that the area was an important trade and manufacturing center in the 15th century, but no firm evidence of royal residence has come to light. Al-Umari's list, which is quoted with slight differences by al-Qalqashandi, is as follows: Al-Umari also indicates that four Amazigh tribes were subjects of Mali: Gomez instead suggests that these tribes would have inhabited territory in the vicinity of Mema, Ghana, and Diafunu. Like two mansolu (rulers of Mali) before him, Ms I undertook the hajj as an act of devotion in line with Islamic tradition. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Oct 2020. One of the five pillars of Islam states that Muslims should embark on a pilgrimage known as Hajj, to the holy city of Mecca.. Emperors and Empresses from Around the (Non-Roman) World Quiz, Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Musa-I-of-Mali, World History Encyclopedia - Mansa Musa I, Musa - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Mansa Musa's reign itself was 25 years long. An army was required to guard the borders to protect its flourishing trade. [50] Such impermanent capitals are a historically widespread phenomenon, having occurred in other parts of Africa such as Ethiopia, as well as outside Africa, such as in the Holy Roman Empire.[51]. Yet native sources seem to pay him little attention. [86] After Sakura's death, power returned to the line of Sunjata, with Wali's son Qu taking the throne. [116] Songhai authority over Bendugu and Kala declined by 1571, and Mali may have been able to reassert some authority over them. It was reported that he built a mosque every Friday. He also states that Djata or "Jatah" means "lion". Mansa Musa, also known as Musa Keita I of Mali, was the tenth Sultan of the Mali Empire. [18], In the Songhai language, rulers of Mali such as Musa were known as the Mali-koi, koi being a title that conveyed authority over a region: in other words, the "ruler of Mali". [120], The old core of the empire was divided into three spheres of influence. [81] He was replaced by Abu Bakr, a son of Sunjata's daughter. Ibn Battuta comments on festival demonstrations of swordplay before the mansa by his retainers including the royal interpreter. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire. You cannot download interactives. The kingdom of Mali reached its greatest extent around the same time, a bustling, wealthy kingdom thanks to Mansa Musas expansion and administration.Mansa Musa died in 1337 and was succeeded by his sons. The other account claims that Gao had been conquered during the reign of Mansa Sakura. To his parents' dread, the prince did not have a promising start. It contained three immense gold mines within its borders unlike the Ghana Empire, which was only a transit point for gold. Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli, who is . [5] In c. 1285 Sakoura, a former royal court slave, became emperor and was one of Mali's most powerful rulers, greatly expanding the empire's territory. The only real requirement was that the mansa knew he could trust this individual to safeguard imperial interests. We care about our planet! He built mosques and large public buildings in cities like Gao and, most famously, Timbuktu. His generous gifts to Mamluk Egypt and his expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt. Stories of his fabulous wealth even reached Europe. He ruled between 707-732/737 according to the Islamic calendar (AH), which translates to 1307-1332/1337 CE. Regardless of their title in the province, they were recognised as dyamani-tigui (province-master) by the mansa. [76] After unifying Manden, he added the Wangara goldfields, making them the southern border. The Gao mosque was built of burnt bricks, which had not, until then, been used as a material for building in West Africa. When he did finally bow, he said he was doing so for God alone. During Musa's 25-year-rule the Mali Empire more than tripled in size and had significant influence in several modern day countries including Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria, Burkino Faso and Chad. Musa I (known more commonly as Mansa Musa) was the tenth Mansa (a Mandinka word for "emperor") of the Mali Empire. He also brought architects from the Middle East and across Africa to design new buildings for his cities. [93] Only at the state or province level was there any palpable interference from the central authority in Niani. Mansa Musa (about 1280 - about 1337) was an emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. It had a well-organised army with an elite corps of horsemen and many foot soldiers in each battalion. [86] Fajigi is remembered as having traveled to Mecca to retrieve ceremonial objects known as boliw, which feature in Mand traditional religion. A dknsi performed the same function except with slave troops called sofa ("guardian of the horse") and under the command of a farimba ("great brave man"). Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. The current King, Salman bin Abdulaziz, is the 25th son of King Abdulaziz and has continued to maintain the . [27] The date of Musa's birth is unknown, but he still appeared to be a young man in 1324. [9] Upon Leo Africanus's visit at the beginning of the 16th century, his descriptions of the territorial domains of Mali showed that it was still a kingdom of considerable size. While this was probably an exaggeration, it is known that during his pilgrimage to Mecca one of his generals, Sagmandia (Sagaman-dir), extended the empire by capturing the Songhai capital of Gao. Malink, also known as Mande, Mali, or Melle, was founded around 1200 CE, and under Mansa Musa's reign . [4] Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th-century Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th-century Andalusian traveller Leo Africanus. He was the son of Niani's faama, Nare Fa (also known as Maghan Kon Fatta meaning the handsome prince). [20] For the later period of the Mali Empire, the major written primary sources are Portuguese accounts of the coastal provinces of Mali and neighboring societies.[21]. [41] A particular challenge lies in interpreting early Arabic manuscripts, in which, without vowel markings and diacritics, foreign names can be read in numerous different ways (e.g. Another testimony from Ibn Khaldun describes the grand pilgrimage of Mansa Musa consisting of 12,000 slaves: "He made a pilgrimage in 724/1324 []. Gold dust had been weighed and bagged for use at least since the time of the Ghana Empire. The value of the salt was chiefly determined by the transport costs. Robert Smith, "The Canoe in West African History", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourgeois1987 (, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, "The Empire of Mali, In Our Time BBC Radio 4", "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources". At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely . A Golden Age: King Mansa Musa's Reign. It was cut into pieces and spent on goods with close to equal buying power throughout the empire. However, the legendary oral tradition that surrounds Keita suggests that he never turned away from his native religion. Thank you for your help! [36][37][38], According to the Tarikh al-Fattash, Musa had a wife named Inari Konte. We all know of Mansa Musa, possibly the richest man to ever exist. [122] This campaign gutted Manden and destroyed any hope of the three mansas cooperating to free their land. [70] Both of these men were part of Mali's warrior elite known as the ton-ta-jon-ta-ni-woro ("sixteen carriers of quivers"). Musa expanded the borders of the Mali Empire, in particular incorporating the cities of Gao and Timbuktu into its territory. The second account is that of the traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali in 1352. Salt was as valuable, if not more valuable, than gold in sub-Saharan Africa. Gold, copper, and salt were a major source of income in the 12th century and the empire happened to be blessed with it, even more as it expanded. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. When Musa departed Mali for the hajj, he left his son Muhammad to rule in his absence. [45], Many oral histories point to a town called Dakajalan as the original home of the Keita clan and Sundiata's childhood home and base of operations during the war against the Soso. The farba could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions.[130]. Ibn Khaldun claims Musa reigned for 25 years, so his accession is dated to 25 years before his death. The only major setback to his reign was the loss of Mali's Dyolof province in Senegal. Original video by UsefulCharts. The 14th-century traveller Ibn Baah noted that it took about four months to travel from the northern borders of the Mali empire to Niani in the south. Masuta performs many of the same attacks as his original incarnation (though he yells a quote prior to using his abilities), but does not summon thrashing waters or create . Abu Bakr was the first and only mansa to inherit through the female line, which has been argued to be either a break from or a return to tradition. During this period only the Mongol Empire was larger. Traveling from his capital of Niani on the upper Niger River to Walata (Oualta, Mauritania) and on to Tuat (now in Algeria) before making his way to Cairo, Mansa Ms was accompanied by an impressive caravan consisting of 60,000 men including a personal retinue of 12,000 enslaved persons, all clad in brocade and Persian silk. 4. His equipment furnishings were carried by 12.000 private slave women (Wasaif) wearing gown and brocade (dibaj) and Yemeni silk []. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [117], The swan song of the Mali Empire came in 1599, under the reign of Mansa Mahmud IV. [56], In the 1960s, archaeological work at Niani village, reputed to be the capital of the Mali Empire, by Polish and Guinean archaeologists revealed the remains of a substantial town dating back as far as the 6th century. Despite the faama of Niani's wishes to respect the prophecy and put Sundiata on the throne, the son from his first wife Sassouma Brt was crowned instead. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. [122] They targeted Moroccan pashas still in Timbuktu and the mansas of Manden. Via one of the royal ladies of his court, Musa transformed Sankore from an informal madrasah into an Islamic university. Please check the original source(s) for copyright information. Le Plerinage La Mecque de Mansa Musa (724725/13241325) d'aprs des Nouvelles Sources", "The Big Secret of Celebrity Wealth (Is That No One Knows Anything)", The International Journal of African Historical Studies, "West African empires. It was "an admirable Monument", surmounted by a dome and adorned with arabesques of striking colours. The historian al-Umar, who visited Cairo 12 years after the emperors visit, found the inhabitants of this city, with a population estimated at one million, still singing the praises of Mansa Ms. Musa and his entourage gave and spent freely while in Cairo. The three states warred with each other as much, if not more, than they did against outsiders, but rivalries generally stopped when faced with invasion. [44] Niani's reputation as an imperial capital may derive from its importance in the late imperial period, when the Songhai Empire to the northeast pushed Mali back to the Manding heartland. [79] Some oral traditions agree with Ibn Khaldun in indicating that a son of Sunjata, named Yerelinkon in oral tradition and Wali in Arabic, took power as Sunjata's successor. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita (c. 1214 - c. 1255) and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa (Musa Keita). The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. [73], Prince Sundjata was prophesied to become a great conqueror. There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. [85] He went on the hajj during the reign of Mamluk sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (12981308) and was killed in Tajura on his way back to Mali. [40] Ibn Battuta and Leo Africanus both call the capital "Mali. Musa's death may have occurred in 1337, 1332, or possibly even earlier, giving 1307 or 1312 as plausible approximate years of accession. Answer (1 of 3): The same thing that happened to anybody else's wealth in history: it was spent, looted, donated, or otherwise distributed. Most West African canoes were of single-log construction, carved and dug out from one massive tree trunk.[144]. Grades 5 - 8 Subjects Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Ancient Civilizations, World History Image Timbuktu, Henrich Barth Painting The fame of Mansa Musa and his phenomenal wealth spread as he traveled on his hajj to Mecca. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. Ibn Battuta observed the employment of servants in both towns. Sandaki likely means High Counsellor or Supreme Counsellor, from san or sanon (meaning "high") and adegue (meaning counsellor). Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of al-Bakri in 1068,[53][54] the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to Ibn Khaldun (by 1397) as Barmandana,[55] and a few geographical details in the work of al-Idrisi.
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